Donna McCabe (Discover Science & Engineering): You’re all very welcome here today, to the Science Gallery, for Science Week. We’re on, what day, four…five…six, Thursday, today. So we’re nearly at the end of the week of Science Week. Sheila and John Kirby are going to be giving a talk on behalf of Sustainable Energy Ireland today. And their talk is entitled “Energy: the challenges and opportunities”. So Sheila and John are both research students, as part of UCD’s Energy Needs Ireland (ENI) Group. So during the course of the presentation they are going to discuss climate change, renewable energy in Ireland today for the future. And other students from ENI are also going to join them at the top for the Q&A sessions afterwards. Make sure you have your questions ready for that. Don’t forget that you can get more information on Science careers at MyScienceCareer.ie and, of course, Science Week information at ScienceWeek.ie. So without further ado over to Sheila.
Sheila Nolan: Hey guys, how’s things? OK, I'm Sheila. I'm a third-year mechanical engineering student in UCD. I'm going to speak today about energy, the challenges and the opportunities available in the energy sector. Firstly, who are SEI? [Slide: "Who are SEI?"] SEI are Ireland’s National Energy Agency. They’re responsible for the promotion and assistance in the development of sustainable energy. They have programmes for all sectors – the business sector and for home owners. And SEI have education programmes for primary and secondary school students, like yourself. We’ve a video later on about the One Good Idea Project. OK, so who are ENI?
I was a part of this group who did research during the summer and we looked at Ireland’s energy future and we try to promote energy awareness amongst the public. We have a number of outputs which we have on our website. You can go onto that if you want to later on and have a look at some of our stuff. So where do you guys come in? How many of you do science? [Audience: show of hands] Really good, that’s cool. How many of you would want to do science in the future, or engineering? [Audience: show of hands] OK. Maybe after today you might consider science a bit more. You might want to do it in college. There are huge opportunities in the renewable energy sector for science and engineering graduates. And the government are putting huge amounts of money into this area. Engineering and science are really important for a number of reasons. Firstly, Ireland has EU targets to reach as regards energy and carbon emissions. And we need engineers and scientists to help us to meet these targets. Engineering and science are really important for our economy as well. If we have intelligent and highly-skilled engineers and scientists our economy will improve and develop, and we’ll be able to attract multinational companies to Ireland. You might be familiar with the Kyoto Agreement, which is an agreement to try to reduce carbon emissions and to try and stop global warming. However, the Kyoto Agreement is going to come to an end at the end of this year. So there’s plans to have a Copenhagen Treaty, which will promote further carbon dioxide reduction and try and help the global warming issue.
I am going to talk about fossil fuels. I’m sure you all know what fossil fuels are. I’ll go through them quickly. What are they? They’re non-renewable sources of energy. They are formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals. The animals die and the plants die and their remains are compressed under intense heat and pressure over millions of years, and they’re turned into fossil fuels. Fossil fuels can be burned and when they’re burned they react with the oxygen in the air to create carbon dioxide. The first fossil fuel we’re going to look at is coal. There’s about 100 years of coal left in the world. Coal is very carbon intensive, which means it gives out a lot of carbon dioxide when it’s burned. Gas, there’s about 40-50 years of gas left. Gas is a bit cleaner than coal. Not much cleaner, but it is cleaner. It doesn’t give out as much carbon dioxide when it’s burned. Peat is Ireland’s only indigenous source of fossil fuels. It’s very carbon intensive, which means it gives out a lot of carbon dioxide when it’s burned. Oil is very important. But we only have about 40 years of it left.
So what do we use fossil fuels for? For electricity generation – we burn the fossil fuels and we use the heat to create steam which turns turbines, which in turn generates electricity. In transport - for our planes, for our cars. We use it in heating our homes and our buildings. And we use it for creating things like plastics and chemicals used in medicine. But why are they harmful? They contain an element called carbon. And when this carbon burns it reacts with the oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide. Now this is the greenhouse effect. [Slide: Greenhouse Effect] I’m sure you all know what it is. Basically what happens is, the Sun’s energy comes through the atmosphere and it heats the Earth. Some of the energy gets caught in the atmosphere and this helps to keep a nice temperature around the world, which helps promote life. However, as more and more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere there is an enhanced greenhouse effect which is causing global warming. Some of the evidence of global warming – surface temperatures rise, which causes the ice caps to melt. As a result of this, sea levels can rise. If temperatures continue to rise we might have longer droughts, which has an effect on plants and animals, and can lead to starvation. There’s been evidence over the last few decades that storms and hurricanes are increasing in intensity, getting stronger. The wind speeds are getting stronger. We’re having more rain. They are all signs of global warming.
If global warming wasn’t a good enough reason to reduce our dependency, here are a few more reasons. [Slide: Fossil Fuels Dependence] Fossil fuel reserves are depleting. As I mentioned earlier, we only have about 100 years of coal left. We only have about 40 years of gas and oil. Added to this we have population growth. At the moment population is about 6 billion people. However, in the next 40 years it’s going to grow to about 9 billion. With growing population we have growing energy demand. We need more energy to heat the homes, to power our cars and to make electricity.
[Slide: Security of Supply Issues] Now this is a very important issue. It’s called the Security Supply Issue. If we’re getting fossil fuels from foreign countries they have to be imported. And if there’s a disruption to those imports we don’t have much energy. Here we can see Ireland on the left hand side of the photograph. [Slide: Main Gas Pipelines across Europe] And the red lines indicate the pipelines. These pipelines are importing gas from across Europe. Most of our gas will probably come from Russia. And if this is disrupted we won’t get any gas. We won’t be able to make electricity. At present Ireland uses about 98% fossil fuels for every piece of energy generated. This isn’t a great idea. We have very few indigenous sources in Ireland. So we need to import from other countries. As a result of this we are very vulnerable to changing fossil fuel prices. So what must Ireland do? We need to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. We can do this by generating electricity from renewables and from low carbon alternatives. We need to improve energy efficiency in buildings. We can do this by insulating our homes, our attics, and by being more energy aware. We need to start diversifying transport from petrol and diesel. We might be able to use electric vehicles.
So what is Ireland doing? As I mentioned earlier, we have 2020 targets to meet. These are EU targets. We need to see if we can get electricity generation from renewables, about 40%. We need to reduce our carbon emissions by 20%. We need to increase energy efficiency in our homes. And we need to see if we can get more electric vehicles onto the roads. We need to upgrade our grid. The grid is the transmission for electricity. So it’s the pylons and the overhead cables. And we have plans to build an interconnector, which is just a big cable under the ocean, connecting Ireland to England. And this will enable us to import and export electricity. So I am going to hand over to John now. He’s going to speak about alternatives. [Applause]
John Kirby: Hello. My name is John Kirby. And I’m also an engineering student in UCD. I’m an electrical engineering student. And I was a member of Energy Needs Ireland as well. As Sheila mentioned to you, we need to get away from using fossil fuels. And we need to move to more cleaner and sustainable sources of energy. This involves changing every sector, from what powers our cars to what heats our homes and to what generates our electricity. If any of you do decide to go on and study science or engineering at third level you’ll have to get familiar with renewable energy and climate change, because it’s very important now. The first thing I’m going to talk about is electricity. I am not sure if you’re sure how electricity is produced. But basically there’s three criteria needed. You need a magnet, surrounded by a coil of wire and relative motion between the two. [Slide: Magnet, coil, motion and an electricity sign] And if these three criteria are met electricity will be produced in the wire. Wind energy next – wind energy will be very important in the next couple of years, because we’ve a target of 40% of our electricity generated from renewables. Much of this target will be met with wind energy. So you will see wind turbines around the country, and you’re going to see a lot more of them. Wind energy comes from the Sun. The Sun heats the Earth and it heats the surface at different ranges. What happens is, certain parts are heated more than others. And warm air will rise. And then the cold air will be sucked in and thus wind will be formed. This energy then can be used to turn turbines. The blades of the wind turbine will cause the motion, as I mentioned a couple of slides back. The motion which turns the magnet inside of the coil, this is caused with the turning of the blades. And so electricity then will be produced in the wire.
This map here is a map of Europe. [Slide: Map of Europe – Wind Speeds] And it shows the wind speeds. The purple and red zones are the areas of the highest wind speeds. And so you can see Ireland is absolutely ideally located to avail of this energy. One issue with wind is that the West of Ireland is the purple region. And so that’s the area where wind blows the strongest. The problem with that is that the main demand load centre for electricity in Ireland, the electricity is needed most in Dublin, which is on the east coast. And so transmission lines will need to be built across the country to transport the power from the wind turbines. Wind is now a mature technology, so it’s very important.
In this picture you can see the size of these blades. [Slide: Photo - Wind Turbine Blade] They really are enormous. And you can see the complicated engineering that would’ve had to go in to design this blade, to maximise its efficiency. Blades can be up to 80 metres in diameter. They really are huge. This is another diagram here. [Slide: Photo - Wind Turbine Tower] It’s the tower which supports the blades. And I’m not sure how familiar you are with them. But if you are close to a wind turbine, despite their size, they are really quiet. You’d hardly even hear them. I’m going to talk about ocean energy next. Ocean energy – you mightn’t be very familiar with it. Because it’s not something you’d see. But some really exciting development is taking place in ocean at the moment. 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with ocean, and it’s a vast source of energy, and it’s largely untapped at the moment. There’s two ways of extracting the energy from the ocean. We can use the waves or we could use tidal. And once again Ireland is ideally located as it has the Atlantic Ocean to the West Coast. You can see here a map of the waves coming up towards Ireland. [Slide: Map - Wave Patterns Ireland] So wave energy - we have to harness the energy from the waves. It’s still in the development stages at the moment.
But there’s a couple of different devices out there that can achieve this. On the left here you have a Pelamis – this is called a sea snake. [Slide: Photo - Pelamis – Sea Snake] It’s a Pelamis device. And this uses the motion of the wave to extract energy and produce electricity. And over here this is a WaveBob device. [Slide: Photo - WaveBob Device] And this is a floating device. And this has a very clever mechanism. It’s able to use the bobbing motion to change it into electricity. You see over here now we have a small version of this, in the tank, it’s just a small scale model of how it works. [Demonstration: Small Scale Model]
Tidal energy uses the energy of tides coming in and tides going out. And it’s able to transform this energy into electricity. Tides then are a result of the Moon’s pull on the Earth. They are regular and predictable. So an advantage with tidal energy as opposed to wind energy or wave energy is that you pretty much know what kind of energy you’re going to get out of the tides, whereas with wave energy or wind energy, there’s going to be days when the seas are calm. There’s going to be days when the wind isn’t blowing. And so the energy from these sources is going to be very small. With tidal you can pretty much predict what you’re going to get from it. And it’s in development stages. It also shows the importance of having a good mix of generating technologies. You must generate electricity from a couple of different sources.
Now I’m going to talk about solar energy. And this is energy which comes directly from the Sun. Again it can be harnessed in two ways. On the left here, these are solar panels which are used to heat water. [Slide: Photo - solar panels] And of the solar panels that you’ll see around Ireland on houses, the majority of them will be this type. So this type contains tubes with fluid in them. And the Sun heats the fluid in these tubes. And these are transported then, the fluid is moved to the point of use. And it can be used to heat water. The other type is photovoltaic solar panels. And these are of limited use in Ireland due to the lack of sunshine. But they can generate electricity directly from the Sun. Ireland does have a better solar energy resource than is realised. Much of our hot water needs could be met with solar. Even on a cloudy day, enough sun will pass through the clouds to be able to heat the water.
Now I’m going to talk about hydro energy. Hydro energy uses the potential energy of water. The main hydro-electric power plant in Ireland is in Ardnacrusha in County Clare. And this has a purpose-built canal feeding onto the River Shannon. It was built in 1929, and back then it could power the whole of Ireland’s energy… Ireland’s electricity needs, just this power plant. This then is Turlough Hill in County Wicklow. [Slide: Photo - Turlough Hill Power Station] What you have here is, you have two reservoirs, an upper and a lower reservoir. And this is an example of electricity storage. Because during the day when demand is high for electricity, (when) people need electricity, there’s a hidden turbine underneath this upper dam, upper lake of water. And this water then is allowed flow through the turbine, produce electricity, and flow down into the lower lake. And at night time then when most people are asleep in bed and there’s very little need for electricity, this water can be pumped back up to the upper reservoir. So just basically to go through the generation of electricity from this way, the water starts off with high potential energy. It then changes to kinetic energy, flows down and passes through a turbine and is producing electricity. So it’s changed to electric energy. And electric energy is the most useful form of energy we have.
Now I’m going to talk about geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is energy stored in the Earth. There’s two sources of this. There’s the source of the Sun. So the Sun can be used to heat the Earth’s crust. And the Earth’s crust acts as insulator. You can see here, this can be used for domestic heating. [Slide: Geothermal Energy – Domestic Heating] So what you need to do is, you need to build pipes down underneath the ground. They could go down to depths of maybe 100 metres. And you’ve a heat pump which transports this heat that’s already in the ground into your home. For the amount of electricity you put in you get much more heat out. There’s also grants available from SEI for home owners who wish to do this. Geothermal heat can also be used for electricity production, but you need to drill down to much lower depths. You must go down to maybe three kilometres below the surface to access this. And this is using the energy of the Earth’s core. Temperatures exceeding the temperatures on the surface of the Sun are found at this depth. And then what happens is, the heat is used to create steam and the steam will turn turbines and produce electricity.
[Slide: What is Bio-energy?] Bio-energy is energy stored in plant and other biological material. Plants go through a process known as photosynthesis. What happens is, they use sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce energy. This energy then can be burned. These plants can be burned and energy will be released for our use. Alternatively plants can be processed and used to derive biofuels, and these can be used for transport. So the oil is got from the plant and they can be used in aviation or to power cars maybe in the future. One of the issues with bio-energy is that you require a lot of land to grow enough crops to produce a suitable amount of energy. A lot of research is going on at the moment to develop genetically modified crops. I’m not sure if you heard of it. But what happens is, it changes the DNA of the crops to allow them to produce a much greater yield. And if this is successful and is allowed to be implemented in Ireland it could be a possible source of energy in the future.
I’m going to finally finish up with nuclear energy. Nuclear energy uses stored potential energy in atoms. When you think of nuclear energy, everyone will probably think of the Chernobyl disaster. But the probability of that happening today is much less, is practically… it’s not going to happen because modern day power plants are much safer and they use fission reaction. So what you have is, you have a big atom and it’s split into two smaller atoms. And the main fuel is Uranium 235. It’s now a mature technology, and it’s used all over the world. In fact, France produces 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. There is one issue, of course, with nuclear, is to get rid of the waste disposal, the radioactive waste. This is a problem. But possibly in the future it could be used, because the advantage of nuclear is that it has practically no CO2 emissions. And the Sun is our biggest known nuclear reactor.
Just to leave you with some energy saving tips. You can quite clearly see them there. [Slide: Energy Saving Tips] You’ve probably been told about these before, I’m sure. I’ll just go on. I’m just going to show you a short video now.
Video of man in bowler hat: I think I was always misunderstood. People just didn’t seem to like me. They think I annoyed them. I got on their nerves. I don’t know why. That’s just the way it was. Yes, maybe I was too intense. Maybe I came on too strong. I don’t know. I really can’t say. Yes, it was lonely, really lonely. But you get used to it after a while. And then one day everything changed. Somebody finally accepted me for what I am. Since I have got this job life is completely different. I finally feel useful…good at something.
[Title: The Wind…his potential is ours – EPURON] [Applause]
Donna McCabe: We’re just going to do a quick Q&A. So we have some students here who are going to take questions. And if anybody would like to kick off with your question…
Question from audience: Everybody's saying there's going to be huge floods on the Earth and everything if we don't stop the [global warming]. How long do we have?
John Kirby: It’s very difficult to put an actual date on it. Because it depends on a number of factors. It mainly depends on how quick countries are to implement the changes and meet their targets. If the targets are achieved the probability of it happening is quite low. But it will affect certain areas more than others. Because low-lying countries will be affected by flooding. And Dublin could possibly be affected. It’s quite low-lying. But countries like Holland, Bangladesh, they could be affected in the short term if changes aren’t implemented now. So it’s very important that we act now on this and we make the necessary changes.
Question from audience: If you wanted to go on to study, would it be environmental science, or what would be the best subject you’d be looking to do at third level?
John Kirby: Well part of the Energy Needs Ireland group that were formed, they were engineering students. So maybe mechanical and electrical engineer – electrical engineering, well you’ll study a lot of renewable energy. But I mean I know people studying commerce, and some of their final year projects are to do with renewable energy and the cost of it. And there’s a PhD student working at the research centre, who got a degree in commerce. But now she’s working in energy. So there’s many sectors involved in energy at the moment.
Question from audience: You said the power grid needs to be upgraded. What’s currently wrong with it?
Sheila Nolan: It’s old. And it hasn’t got enough capacity. So if we put more wind turbines, say on the west coast, there’s not enough transmission line to bring all that power across. So we’re going to need to have stronger cables to bring all the electricity across.
Question from audience: We are doing a project in Young Scientist about making power from seaweed. How does that compare to hydro-electric power, hydro energy?
John Kirby: Compared to hydro-electric power?
Question from audience: Yes, or like solar power? [unclear]
John Kirby: I am sure that’s Sheila [unclear]
Sheila Nolan: I think you’d need an awful, awful, awful lot of seaweed to get enough energy to use for electricity. You’d need huge amounts of it.
John Kirby: There’s research going on into that at the moment, to derive energy from say algae and other things in the sea. But using seaweed, it hasn’t been known to be that efficient so far. But possibly in the future it could be developed.
Question from audience: How much does Ireland contribute to the damage of the ozone layer?
John Kirby: Ireland has relatively small industry. If you look at other countries they’ve a lot of industry. And they’re going to produce a lot of carbon dioxide. So relative to other countries Ireland is quite small. But it’s also very important that Ireland meets these targets. Because they’re EU targets and so they’re implemented from the EU. We must meet them. Every little small difference will make a difference to the overall picture in the end.
Student: China is the largest emitter of CO2, followed by the United States. And India is close…is developing towards that as well.
Question from audience: Is this building solar powered?
Student: No, I don’t think so.
John Kirby: I don’t think so. I don’t know.
Sheila Nolan: No.
Question from audience: How much energy does Ireland use every year?
John Kirby: How much energy does Ireland use every year? 100 terawatt hours. I’m not sure if you’d be familiar with that.
Sheila Nolan: That’s an awful lot, yeah.
Question from audience: How long have we been depending on fossil fuels?
John Kirby: Well we’ve always used fossil fuels to generate heat. But since the industrial revolution it’s mainly the reason – when global warming and the use of fossil fuels escalated. So if you looked at a graph of the atmospheric concentration of CO2 what you’d find is, at the point of when the industrial revolution started in the 1800s the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere went right up. So the problem really started around then.
Question from audience: How much wind can we put on the Irish system?
John Kirby: By 2020 I would say there’ll be 4,000 more megawatts of wind power come on. I think that would be adding about 40% then. I think at the moment that’s not done anywhere else. So that’ll probably be around our limit, for 2020 that. But beyond that it’s possible that it could go up to maybe 60%.
Question from audience: My friend, Aileen, is a bit shy. But she was wondering when is the Sun going to die? [Laughter]
Sheila Nolan: In about seventy billion years, so nothing to worry about. [Applause]
Aoife Cannon: Hi, it’s great to see there’s so much interest. And I would say we could be here for another hour with loads of questions. My name is Aoife Cannon and I run the education programme at Sustainable Energy Ireland. Sheila mentioned earlier in her talk that we run a secondary schools project. I would like to now show you a DVD about that project.
Video
Narrator: What is the Power of One? The Power of One aims to highlight the many simple changes we can make to become more energy efficient. If each of us becomes aware of our own power when it comes to energy efficiency, and uses it properly, we can collectively make a big difference to ourselves, our pockets and the environment. All we have to do is recognise our power and use it. That’s what the Power of One is all about. What is Change? The Change campaign is Ireland’s plan of action on climate change. The campaign’s overriding goal is to engage the nation on the issue, and to drive the significant behavioural changes required to lower greenhouse gas emissions. It’s easy to become overwhelmed when we look at the big picture. Our knee-jerk response is, ‘But what can I do?’ Well the answer is, quite a lot. Look at your own behaviour. Look at the people around you. And try to influence change. The Power of One Good Idea. Countless students, teachers and Principals across Ireland expressed the desire to run their own Power of One programme. From that seed the Power of One Good Idea Project was born. So how does it work? You are asked to research, design and run a campaign, to raise awareness of the things that everybody can do to use energy more efficiently and tackle climate change. As citizens we have a responsibility to care for the planet, for ourselves and for future generations. You can focus your campaign on one of three target groups – adults in your community, your peers in school around you, or primary school students locally. So where do you start? Firstly, team up. Teams consist of two to six students. But you must all be in the same year. Remember this project is not just about science and geography. It’s also about business, art, drama, music and CSPE. Next, check out your pack on the website. They’re full of helpful tips and information on how to plan and deliver a great campaign. Once you have everything you need, it’s time to get researching. Look at the range of topics that you can choose from. Our website will give you more information on each one. You might see one that interests you straight away. Or you may need to dig deeper before you decide. Once you have agreed your topic, you need to find out as much as you can. Use books, magazines and the internet to get more background information. Think about the target audience which most suits your topic. Now you need to do some action research. Find out what people know about your topic by asking them. One way to do this is to create a survey. Think about the right questions to ask and when are you going to do it.
Student [still in video]: We did a survey.
Student: I did a survey from Newbridge.
Student: We carried out questionnaires on adults and people in our own school.
Student: This actually showed us what they know. Because if you don’t actually find out what they know then you can’t help them.
Narrator: You will find plenty of information about creating surveys and other research methods on our website [Screen: http://www.sei.ie/onegoodidea]. Remember to keep it short and ask lots of people. For primary school children keep the questions and answers very simple. Pull together all your answers and look at your results. A survey will help you decide what your campaign message should be. Surveys tell you what your target audience needs to know, and how you can help them become more energy efficient. Now that you’ve realised what issues affect your target audience, next get creative. We are looking for the most innovative and imaginative campaigns. Choose your campaign name, design a logo and build your brand. And figure out how to communicate your message. Remember to match your method with your audience. For a younger audience you could write songs, perform a puppet show or play, make up fun energy-related games, design a comic strip or create a splash with public art. For your peers or your community, why not make a film, run a concert, have a table quiz, run a poster campaign, produce a magazine, have a coffee morning, run a radio campaign or create public debate by designing a leaflet explaining how a family can become energy efficient, asking people to pledge to make one change. Don’t forget to keep a record of everything you do, photo, video and artwork to show the judges. Make sure to take a photo that you think symbolises your campaign and send it in as part of your submission. These photos will be entered into the Life Through a Lens photo competition, giving you an extra chance to win prizes. Your photo will be featured in the 2010 calendar which will be sent to every school in the country. When you’ve finished your campaign, pull together everything you’ve done, research, video, photos and artwork. Fill out the application form and send us your work before the deadline in March. You could make it to the national finals. Twenty of the best campaigns from around Ireland will be selected to compete in the national final in Dublin. Students create an exhibition of their work especially for the awards and present their campaign to the judges. Judges look for well-planned, creative and effective campaigns. Log on to the One Good Idea website [Screen: http://www.sei.ie/onegoodidea] where you’ll find plenty of helpful links and regular updates. You can also contact the One Good Idea helpline, or email us. Remember it’s all about small things that collectively make a big difference - your One Good Idea. We look forward to seeing your projects and meeting some of you at the final. So good luck.
[Applause]
Aoife Cannon: Now you’ve seen the DVD and you’ve had the talk on energy, so you’re in a very good place to register for the project. I look forward to receiving lots of entrants from all your schools. We’re now going to divide you up into groups so that you can come down and have a look at the models - what we have here. Before we do I’d like to thank you all for attending and for your interest in today’s presentation. And I’d like to say a special word of thanks to our Energy Needs Ireland students, to their lecturer Mark O’Malley, to Dr Ciara O’Connor, who has managed them through this project, Dave Gibbons. And particularly to John Kirby and to Sheila Nolan, who have put in a lot of hard work on this presentation and on the talk. So I would like you to show them your appreciation. [Applause]
Student: [Slide: Photo - Demonstration Model – renewable energy sources] Electricity is transmitted from a large-scale wind turbine which could be a wind farm to a house through the electricity pole we have there. And that’s our well-insulated hot water tank. And the white box with the green light on the front is representation of a geothermal heat system. As John was saying, it takes heat from below the ground and it uses it to heat the home through underfloor heating. Just beside the door there, you can see behind the door. And the blue thing you can see on the right is a washing machine, we decided to include as well. d it also lights up. So the wind turbine is actually giving electricity to the house. And that’s a final photo. [Slide: Photo – Demonstration Model – renewable energy sources] The black square – it’s an air ventilation unit which keeps air coming in and out of the house. And if you have any question, it’s really a demonstration model. So please come down and look and ask questions. Thank you very much. [Applause]
[Students investigating demonstration model]
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